/*
 * Plugin Name: APCu Object Cache
 * Description: APCu backend for the WP Object Cache.
 * Based on Plugin named APCu Object Cache Backend
 * Plugin URI: https://wordpress.org/plugins/apcu/
 * Author: Pierre Schmitz
 * Author URI: https://pierre-schmitz.com/
 * Plugin URI: https://wordpress.org/plugins/apcu/
 *
 *
 * @Authors James Dugger, Jonathan Bardo
 * @copyright 2017 GoDaddy Inc. 14455 N. Hayden Road Scottsdale, Arizona
 */

$oc_logged_in = false;

foreach ( $_COOKIE as $k => $v ) {

	if ( preg_match( '/^comment_author|wordpress_logged_in_[a-f0-9]+|woocommerce_items_in_cart|PHPSESSID_|edd_wp_session|edd_items_in_cartcc_cart_key|ccm_token/', $k ) ) {

		$oc_logged_in = true;

		break;

	}

}

$oc_blocked_page = ( defined( 'WP_ADMIN' ) || defined( 'DOING_AJAX' ) || defined( 'XMLRPC_REQUEST' ) || 'wp-login.php' === basename( $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] ) );

function wpaas_is_using_apcu() {

	return version_compare( PHP_VERSION, '5.6.0', '>=' ) && function_exists( 'apcu_fetch' );

}


if ( 'cli' !== php_sapi_name() && ! $oc_logged_in && ! $oc_blocked_page && wpaas_is_using_apcu() ) :

	/**
	 * Save the transients to the DB.  The explanation is a bit too long
	 * for code.  The tl;dr of it is that we don't have a single 'fast cache'
	 * source yet (like memcached) and so some long lived items like transients
	 * are still best cached in the db and then brought back into APC
	 *
	 * @param string  $transient
	 * @param mixed   $value
	 * @param int     $expire
	 * @param boolean $site = false
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	function wpaas_save_transient( $transient, $value, $expire, $site = false ) {
		global $wp_object_cache, $wpdb;

		// The 'special' transient option names
		$transient_timeout = ( $site ? '_site' : '' ) . '_transient_timeout_' . $transient;
		$transient         = ( $site ? '_site' : '' ) . '_transient_' . $transient;

		// Cap expiration at 24 hours to avoid littering the DB
		if ( $expire == 0 ) {
			$expire = 24 * 60 * 60;
		}

		// Save to object cache
		$wp_object_cache->set( $transient, $value, 'options', $expire );
		$wp_object_cache->set( $transient_timeout, time() + $expire, 'options', $expire );

		// Update alloptions
		$alloptions                       = $wp_object_cache->get( 'alloptions', 'options' );
		$alloptions[ $transient ]         = $value;
		$alloptions[ $transient_timeout ] = time() + $expire;
		$wp_object_cache->set( 'alloptions', $alloptions, 'options' );

		// Use the normal update option logic
		if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) {
			$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
			$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
			if ( $site && is_multisite() ) {
				$wpdb->query(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"INSERT INTO `{$wpdb->sitemeta}` ( `option_name`, `option_value`, `autoload` ) VALUES ( %s, UNIX_TIMESTAMP( NOW() ) + %d, 'yes' ) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `option_name` = VALUES ( `option_name` ), `option_value` = VALUES ( `option_value` ), `autoload` = VALUES ( `autoload` );",
						$transient_timeout,
						$expire
					)
				);
				$wpdb->query(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"INSERT INTO `{$wpdb->sitemeta}` ( `option_name`, `option_value`, `autoload` ) VALUES ( %s, %s, 'no' ) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `option_name` = VALUES ( `option_name` ), `option_value` = VALUES ( `option_value` ), `autoload` = VALUES ( `autoload` );",
						$transient,
						maybe_serialize( $value )
					)
				);
			} else {
				$wpdb->query(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"INSERT INTO `{$wpdb->options}` (`option_name`, `option_value`, `autoload`) VALUES ( %s, UNIX_TIMESTAMP( NOW() ) + %d, 'yes' ) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `option_name` = VALUES ( `option_name` ), `option_value` = VALUES ( `option_value` ), `autoload` = VALUES ( `autoload` );",
						$transient_timeout,
						$expire
					)
				);
				$wpdb->query(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"INSERT INTO `{$wpdb->options}` (`option_name`, `option_value`, `autoload`) VALUES ( %s, %s, 'no' ) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `option_name` = VALUES ( `option_name` ), `option_value` = VALUES ( `option_value` ), `autoload` = VALUES ( `autoload` );",
						$transient,
						maybe_serialize( $value )
					)
				);
			}
			$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
		}

		return true;
	}

	function wpaas_prune_transients() {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb && function_exists( 'is_main_site' ) && function_exists( 'is_main_network' ) ) {

			$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
			$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );

			// Lifted straight from schema.php

			// Deletes all expired transients.
			// The multi-table delete syntax is used to delete the transient record from table a,
			// and the corresponding transient_timeout record from table b.
			$time = time();
			$wpdb->query( "DELETE a, b FROM $wpdb->options a, $wpdb->options b WHERE
		a.option_name LIKE '\_transient\_%' AND
		a.option_name NOT LIKE '\_transient\_timeout\_%' AND
		b.option_name = CONCAT( '_transient_timeout_', SUBSTRING( a.option_name, 12 ) )
		AND b.option_value < $time" );

			if ( is_main_site() && is_main_network() ) {
				$wpdb->query( "DELETE a, b FROM $wpdb->options a, $wpdb->options b WHERE
		a.option_name LIKE '\_site\_transient\_%' AND
		a.option_name NOT LIKE '\_site\_transient\_timeout\_%' AND
		b.option_name = CONCAT( '_site_transient_timeout_', SUBSTRING( a.option_name, 17 ) )
		AND b.option_value < $time" );
			}


			$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * If another cache was flushed or updated, sync across all servers / processes using
	 * the database as the authority.  This uses the database as the authority for timestamps
	 * as well to avoid drift between servers.
	 * @return void
	 */
	function wpaas_init_sync_cache() {

		global $wpdb;

		if ( empty( $wpdb ) || ! ( $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) ) {

			return;

		}

		$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
		$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
		$result = $wpdb->get_results(
			"SELECT option_name, option_value FROM `{$wpdb->options}` WHERE option_name = 'gd_system_last_cache_flush' UNION SELECT 'current_time', UNIX_TIMESTAMP( NOW() ) AS option_value;",
			ARRAY_A
		);
		$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );

		if ( empty( $result ) ) {

			return;

		}

		$master_flush = false;

		foreach ( $result as $row ) {

			switch ( $row['option_name'] ) {

				case 'current_time' :
					$current_time = $row['option_value'];
					break;

				case 'gd_system_last_cache_flush' :
					$master_flush = $row['option_value'];
					break;

			}

		}

		$local_flush = wp_cache_get( 'gd_system_last_cache_flush' );

		if ( false === $local_flush || $local_flush < $master_flush ) {

			wp_cache_flush( true );

			wp_cache_set( 'gd_system_last_cache_flush', $current_time );

		}

	}

	/**
	 * Start default implementation of object cache
	 */

	if ( ! defined( 'WP_APC_KEY_SALT' ) ) {

		define( 'WP_APC_KEY_SALT', '' );

	}

	function wp_cache_add( $key, $data, $group = '', $expire = 0 ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		if ( 'transient' == $group ) {
			wpaas_save_transient( $key, $data, $expire );

			return $wp_object_cache->add( "_transient_$key", $data, 'options', $expire );
		} elseif ( 'site-transient' == $group ) {
			wpaas_save_transient( $key, $data, $expire, true );

			return $wp_object_cache->add( "_site_transient_$key", $data, 'site-options', $expire );
		} else {
			return $wp_object_cache->add( $key, $data, $group, $expire );
		}
	}

	function wp_cache_incr( $key, $n = 1, $group = '' ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		return $wp_object_cache->incr2( $key, $n, $group );
	}

	function wp_cache_decr( $key, $n = 1, $group = '' ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		return $wp_object_cache->decr( $key, $n, $group );
	}

	function wp_cache_close() {
		return true;
	}

	function wp_cache_delete( $key, $group = '' ) {
		global $wp_object_cache, $wpdb;

		if ( 'transient' == $group ) {
			if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) {
				$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
				$wpdb->query(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"DELETE FROM `{$wpdb->prefix}options` WHERE option_name IN ( %s, %s );",
						"_transient_{$key}",
						"_transient_timeout_{$key}"
					)
				);
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
			}

			$wp_object_cache->delete( "_transient_timeout_$key", 'options' );

			// Update alloptions
			$alloptions = $wp_object_cache->get( 'alloptions', 'options' );
			unset( $alloptions["_transient_$key"] );
			unset( $alloptions["_transient_timeout_$key"] );
			$wp_object_cache->set( 'alloptions', $alloptions, 'options' );

			return $wp_object_cache->delete( "_transient_$key", 'options' );
		} elseif ( 'site-transient' == $group ) {
			if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) {
				$table = $wpdb->options;
				if ( is_multisite() ) {
					$table = $wpdb->sitemeta;
				}
				$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
				$wpdb->query(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"DELETE FROM `{$table}` WHERE option_name IN ( %s, %s );",
						"_transient_{$key}",
						"_transient_timeout_{$key}"
					)
				);
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
			}
			$wp_object_cache->delete( "_transient_timeout_$key", 'site-options' );

			// Update alloptions
			$alloptions = $wp_object_cache->get( 'alloptions', 'options' );
			unset( $alloptions["_site_transient_$key"] );
			unset( $alloptions["_site_transient_timeout_$key"] );
			$wp_object_cache->set( 'alloptions', $alloptions, 'options' );

			return $wp_object_cache->delete( "_site_transient_$key", 'site-options' );
		}

		return $wp_object_cache->delete( $key, $group );
	}

	function wp_cache_flush( $local_flush = false ) {
		global $wp_object_cache, $wpdb;

		if ( ! $local_flush ) {
			if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) {
				$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
				$wpdb->query( "INSERT INTO `{$wpdb->options}` (`option_name`, `option_value`, `autoload`) VALUES ( 'gd_system_last_cache_flush', UNIX_TIMESTAMP( NOW() ), 'no' ) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `option_name` = VALUES ( `option_name` ), `option_value` = VALUES ( `option_value` ), `autoload` = VALUES ( `autoload` );" );
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
			}
		}

		return $wp_object_cache->flush();
	}

	function wp_cache_get( $key, $group = '', $force = false ) {
		global $wp_object_cache, $wpdb;

		if ( 'transient' == $group ) {
			$alloptions = $wp_object_cache->get( 'alloptions', 'options' );
			if ( isset( $alloptions["_transient_$key"] ) && isset( $alloptions["_transient_timeout_$key"] ) && $alloptions["_transient_timeout_$key"] > time() ) {
				return maybe_unserialize( $alloptions["_transient_$key"] );
			}
			$transient = $wp_object_cache->get( "_transient_$key", 'options', $force );
			$timeout   = $wp_object_cache->get( "_transient_timeout_$key", 'options', $force );
			if ( false !== $transient && ! empty( $timeout ) && $timeout > time() ) {
				return maybe_unserialize( $transient );
			}
			if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) {
				$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
				$result = $wpdb->get_results(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"SELECT option_name, option_value FROM `{$wpdb->options}` WHERE option_name IN ( %s, %s ) UNION SELECT 'current_time', UNIX_TIMESTAMP( NOW() ) AS option_value;",
						"_transient_{$key}",
						"_transient_timeout_{$key}"
					),
					ARRAY_A
				);
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
				if ( ! empty( $result ) ) {
					$transient    = false;
					$timeout      = false;
					$current_time = time();
					foreach ( $result as $row ) {
						switch ( $row['option_name'] ) {
							case "_transient_$key" :
								$transient = $row['option_value'];
								break;
							case "_transient_timeout_$key" :
								$timeout = $row['option_value'];
								break;
							case 'current_time' :
								$current_time = $row['option_value'];
								break;
						}
					}
					if ( false !== $transient && ! empty( $timeout ) && $timeout > $current_time ) {
						return maybe_unserialize( $transient );
					}
				}
			}

			return false;
		} elseif ( 'site-transient' == $group ) {
			$transient = $wp_object_cache->get( "_site_transient_$key", 'options', $force );
			$timeout   = $wp_object_cache->get( "_site_transient_timeout_$key", 'options', $force );
			if ( false !== $transient && ! empty( $timeout ) && $timeout > time() ) {
				return maybe_unserialize( $transient );
			}
			if ( ! empty( $wpdb ) && $wpdb instanceof wpdb ) {
				$table = $wpdb->options;
				if ( is_multisite() ) {
					$table = $wpdb->sitemeta;
				}
				$flag = $wpdb->suppress_errors;
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( true );
				$result = $wpdb->get_results(
					$wpdb->prepare(
						"SELECT option_name, option_value FROM `{$table}` WHERE option_name IN ( %s, %s ) UNION SELECT 'current_time', UNIX_TIMESTAMP( NOW() ) AS option_value;",
						"_site_transient_{$key}",
						"_site_transient_timeout_{$key}"
					),
					ARRAY_A
				);
				$wpdb->suppress_errors( $flag );
				if ( ! empty( $result ) ) {
					$transient    = false;
					$timeout      = false;
					$current_time = time();
					foreach ( $result as $row ) {
						switch ( $row['option_name'] ) {
							case "_site_transient_$key" :
								$transient = $row['option_value'];
								break;
							case "_site_transient_timeout_$key" :
								$timeout = $row['option_value'];
								break;
							case 'current_time' :
								$current_time = $row['option_value'];
								break;
						}
					}
					if ( false !== $transient && ! empty( $timeout ) && $timeout > $current_time ) {
						return maybe_unserialize( $transient );
					}
				}
			}

			return false;
		} else {
			return $wp_object_cache->get( $key, $group, $force );
		}
	}

	function wp_cache_init() {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		if ( mt_rand( 1, 100 ) == 42 ) {

			wpaas_prune_transients();

		}

		add_action( 'muplugins_loaded', 'wpaas_init_sync_cache' );

		$wp_object_cache = new APCu_Object_Cache();

	}

	function wp_cache_replace( $key, $data, $group = '', $expire = 0 ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		return $wp_object_cache->replace( $key, $data, $group, $expire );
	}

	function wp_cache_set( $key, $data, $group = '', $expire = 0 ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		if ( defined( 'WP_INSTALLING' ) == false ) {
			if ( 'transient' == $group ) {
				return wpaas_save_transient( $key, $data, $expire );
			} elseif ( 'site-transient' == $group ) {
				return wpaas_save_transient( $key, $data, $expire, true );
			} else {
				return $wp_object_cache->set( $key, $data, $group, $expire );
			}
		} else {
			return $wp_object_cache->delete( $key, $group );
		}
	}

	function wp_cache_switch_to_blog( $blog_id ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		return $wp_object_cache->switch_to_blog( $blog_id );
	}

	function wp_cache_add_global_groups( $groups ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		$wp_object_cache->add_global_groups( $groups );
	}

	function wp_cache_add_non_persistent_groups( $groups ) {
		global $wp_object_cache;

		$wp_object_cache->add_non_persistent_groups( $groups );
	}

	class GD_APCu_Object_Cache {

		private $prefix = '';
		private $local_cache = array();
		private $global_groups = array();
		private $non_persistent_groups = array();
		private $multisite = false;
		private $blog_prefix = '';

		public function __construct() {
			global $table_prefix;

			$this->multisite   = is_multisite();
			$this->blog_prefix = $this->multisite ? get_current_blog_id() . ':' : '';
			$this->prefix      = DB_HOST . '.' . DB_NAME . '.' . $table_prefix;
		}

		private function get_group( $group ) {
			return empty( $group ) ? 'default' : $group;
		}

		private function get_key( $group, $key ) {
			if ( $this->multisite && ! isset( $this->global_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				return $this->prefix . '.' . $group . '.' . $this->blog_prefix . ':' . $key;
			} else {
				return $this->prefix . '.' . $group . '.' . $key;
			}
		}

		public function add( $key, $data, $group = 'default', $expire = 0 ) {
			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			if ( function_exists( 'wp_suspend_cache_addition' ) && wp_suspend_cache_addition() ) {
				return false;
			}
			if ( isset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) ) {
				return false;
			}
			// FIXME: Somehow apcu_add does not return false if key already exists
			if ( ! isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) && apcu_exists( $key ) ) {
				return false;
			}

			if ( is_object( $data ) ) {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = clone $data;
			} else {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = $data;
			}

			if ( ! isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				return apcu_add( $key, $data, (int) $expire );
			}

			return true;
		}

		public function add_global_groups( $groups ) {
			if ( is_array( $groups ) ) {
				foreach ( $groups as $group ) {
					$this->global_groups[ $group ] = true;
				}
			} else {
				$this->global_groups[ $groups ] = true;
			}
		}

		public function add_non_persistent_groups( $groups ) {
			if ( is_array( $groups ) ) {
				foreach ( $groups as $group ) {
					$this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] = true;
				}
			} else {
				$this->non_persistent_groups[ $groups ] = true;
			}
		}

		public function decr( $key, $offset = 1, $group = 'default' ) {
			if ( $offset < 0 ) {
				return $this->incr( $key, abs( $offset ), $group );
			}

			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			if ( isset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) && $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] - $offset >= 0 ) {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] -= $offset;
			} else {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = 0;
			}

			if ( isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				return $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ];
			} else {
				$value = apcu_dec( $key, $offset );
				if ( $value < 0 ) {
					apcu_store( $key, 0 );

					return 0;
				}

				return $value;
			}
		}

		public function delete( $key, $group = 'default', $force = false ) {
			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			unset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] );
			if ( ! isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				return apcu_delete( $key );
			}

			return true;
		}

		public function flush() {
			$this->local_cache = array();
			// TODO: only clear our own entries
			apcu_clear_cache();

			return true;
		}

		public function get( $key, $group = 'default', $force = false, &$found = null ) {
			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			if ( ! $force && isset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) ) {
				$found = true;
				if ( is_object( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) ) {
					return clone $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ];
				} else {
					return $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ];
				}
			} elseif ( isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				$found = false;

				return false;
			} else {
				$value = @apcu_fetch( $key, $found );
				if ( $found ) {
					if ( $force ) {
						$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = $value;
					}

					return $value;
				} else {
					return false;
				}
			}
		}

		public function incr2( $key, $offset = 1, $group = 'default' ) {
			if ( $offset < 0 ) {
				return $this->decr( $key, abs( $offset ), $group );
			}

			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			if ( isset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) && $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] + $offset >= 0 ) {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] += $offset;
			} else {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = 0;
			}

			if ( isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				return $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ];
			} else if ( function_exists( 'apcu_inc' ) ) {
				$value = apcu_inc( $key, $offset );
				if ( $value < 0 ) {
					apcu_store( $key, 0 );

					return 0;
				}

				return $value;
			}

			return false;
		}

		public function replace( $key, $data, $group = 'default', $expire = 0 ) {
			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			if ( isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				if ( ! isset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) ) {
					return false;
				}
			} else {
				if ( ! isset( $this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] ) && ! apcu_exists( $key ) ) {
					return false;
				}
				apcu_store( $key, $data, (int) $expire );
			}

			if ( is_object( $data ) ) {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = clone $data;
			} else {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = $data;
			}

			return true;
		}

		public function reset() {
			// This function is deprecated as of WordPress 3.5
			// Be safe and flush the cache if this function is still used
			$this->flush();
		}

		public function set( $key, $data, $group = 'default', $expire = 0 ) {
			$group = $this->get_group( $group );
			$key   = $this->get_key( $group, $key );

			if ( is_object( $data ) ) {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = clone $data;
			} else {
				$this->local_cache[ $group ][ $key ] = $data;
			}

			if ( ! isset( $this->non_persistent_groups[ $group ] ) ) {
				return apcu_store( $key, $data, (int) $expire );
			}

			return true;
		}

		public function stats() {
			// Only implemented because the default cache class provides this.
			// This method is never called.
			echo '';
		}

		public function switch_to_blog( $blog_id ) {
			$this->blog_prefix = $this->multisite ? $blog_id . ':' : '';
		}

	}

	if ( function_exists( 'apcu_inc' ) ) {
		class APCu_Object_Cache extends GD_APCu_Object_Cache {
			function incr( $key, $offset = 1, $group = 'default' ) {
				return parent::incr2( $key, $offset, $group );
			}
		}
	} else {
		class APCu_Object_Cache extends GD_APCu_Object_Cache {
			// Blank
		}
	}

endif;
<br />
<b>Warning</b>:  Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /usr/hosting/oldpics.net/html/wp-content/object-cache.php:1) in <b>/usr/hosting/oldpics.net/html/wp-includes/feed-rss2.php</b> on line <b>8</b><br />
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Архивы British Columbia - Old Pictures</title>
	<atom:link href="https://oldpics.net/tag/british-columbia/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://oldpics.net</link>
	<description>Historical photos, stories and even more</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Thu, 14 May 2020 09:22:51 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en-US</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>
	hourly	</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>
	1	</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>https://wordpress.org/?v=5.9.5</generator>

<image>
	<url>https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-favicon-32x32.png</url>
	<title>Архивы British Columbia - Old Pictures</title>
	<link>https://oldpics.net</link>
	<width>32</width>
	<height>32</height>
</image> 
	<item>
		<title>Impressive railroad bridges of the 19th century</title>
		<link>https://oldpics.net/impressing-railroad-bridges-of-the-19th-century/</link>
					<comments>https://oldpics.net/impressing-railroad-bridges-of-the-19th-century/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Andrew Piper]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 2020 10:26:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[British Columbia]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://oldpics.net/?p=2625</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Giant railroad bridges of the 19th century. Rare photos</p>
<p>Сообщение <a rel="nofollow" href="https://oldpics.net/impressing-railroad-bridges-of-the-19th-century/">Impressive railroad bridges of the 19th century</a> появились сначала на <a rel="nofollow" href="https://oldpics.net">Old Pictures</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Who remembers the first bridge that was built by man? May be it was a timber for building bridges, probably when someone decided to put a log over a stream to cross over. Everything was changed by development of railroads: in the 1830s, the rising value of steam powered transportations pushed the engineers to make towering wooden bridges that became synonymous the whole era.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2627" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bridge-on-Orange-Alexandria-Virginia-Railroad.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="614" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bridge-on-Orange-Alexandria-Virginia-Railroad.jpg 800w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bridge-on-Orange-Alexandria-Virginia-Railroad-300x230.jpg 300w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bridge-on-Orange-Alexandria-Virginia-Railroad-768x589.jpg 768w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bridge-on-Orange-Alexandria-Virginia-Railroad-670x515.jpg 670w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" />And it was a time when US engineers surprised the world with towering timber trestles: the first railroad technology that wasn’t developed in Europe.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2628" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BritishColumbiaCAbridge1-1.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="1250" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BritishColumbiaCAbridge1-1.jpg 1000w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BritishColumbiaCAbridge1-1-240x300.jpg 240w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BritishColumbiaCAbridge1-1-819x1024.jpg 819w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/BritishColumbiaCAbridge1-1-768x960.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" />Instead, the Pacific Northwest of the US and British Columbia in Canada took the lead during this race, primarily thanks to the widespread availability of lumber that was readily available from forests near the development sites.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2629" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Cedar-River-Logging-Trestle-in-Washington-State.jpg" alt="" width="900" height="695" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Cedar-River-Logging-Trestle-in-Washington-State.jpg 900w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Cedar-River-Logging-Trestle-in-Washington-State-300x232.jpg 300w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Cedar-River-Logging-Trestle-in-Washington-State-768x593.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" />These timber trestles were generally inbuilt two designs with distinct features and functionality.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The most common of the pair was referred to as the Pile Trestle, which consisted of bents spaced 12 to 16 feet apart. Only the hardest kinds of the wood could be used for the constructions of this type.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2630" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Central-Pacific-Railroad-c.1869.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="717" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Central-Pacific-Railroad-c.1869.jpg 1000w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Central-Pacific-Railroad-c.1869-300x215.jpg 300w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Central-Pacific-Railroad-c.1869-768x551.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" />Usually, each of those bents consisted of some five to seven poles which were pounded straight down the bottom employing a machine. For better stability, the outer posts were usually battered creating an angle outwards.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The top of the posts which were uneven were usually move level with the cap during the development , which successively provided the support for the stringers and planks that held the load of the rail.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2631" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Early-timber-bridges.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="937" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Early-timber-bridges.jpg 640w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Early-timber-bridges-205x300.jpg 205w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />For the taller timber trestle, the bent framed was used, the frame bents usually used the timber that was square, unlike pile bents, and sub sills or mud sills often acted because the foundation of the structure.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The scale of the constructions was impressing. These frame bents were usually between ten to fifteen feet high. The giant bridges looked astonishing, but at the same time they were not durable enough. Even massive hard wood could stand long enough and deal with fully loaded steam locomotives. <br></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At the height of the timber bridge construction a complete of a dozen tall timber bridges was built, none of which exist anymore. Ironically, most of those highest wooden bridges were built to enable transportation of logs and were constructed within the Washington state within the US and on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The sad aspect of those bridges was that the logging companies often considered these bridges as a mean of sucking out the timber from a thickly forested region, once the lumber was all transported out the bridges were abandoned with none remorse.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2633" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek-just-north-of-Columbia-City.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="716" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek-just-north-of-Columbia-City.jpg 1000w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek-just-north-of-Columbia-City-300x215.jpg 300w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek-just-north-of-Columbia-City-768x550.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" />These timber bridges were built from lumber because it was readily available and highly inexpensive as compared to steel, however, the bridges came with variety of drawbacks.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The raised intensity of&nbsp; transportations made these bridges weaker over time and, of course, they were still vulnerable to fire – they were made up of wood, after all. The bridges over time became weak and sometimes the workers were seen hopping off the train once approaching the weak wooden bridges only to run back then ride it after the bridge was crossed.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2634" src="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="525" srcset="https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek.jpg 800w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek-300x197.jpg 300w, https://oldpics.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McBride-Creek-768x504.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></span><br><br><br></p>
<p>Сообщение <a rel="nofollow" href="https://oldpics.net/impressing-railroad-bridges-of-the-19th-century/">Impressive railroad bridges of the 19th century</a> появились сначала на <a rel="nofollow" href="https://oldpics.net">Old Pictures</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
					<wfw:commentRss>https://oldpics.net/impressing-railroad-bridges-of-the-19th-century/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
			<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		
		
			</item>
	</channel>
</rss>